Article Writing

Do you find it hard to write a powerful thesis statement? What are you going to do in order to write one? Well, you dont have to be upset about that. Writing a thesis statement becomes a very common task for all students and even to those writers who were required to write one.

But even if you are a beginner and dont have any idea on how to do it, still this is not an excuse for you to surrender and do nothing at all. Even expert writers do have the same problem as yours. All you need to do is know how to write one effectively.

If you see hopeless, you can dig up for more information over the internet. There are plenty of websites that will teach you how to do it. Gather up this information and note it all down. You can use it as your guide in writing thesis statement.

If you havent still come up with the right one, then this might help you out.

Persuasive pieces always begin with a thesis statement. This statement will be the main claim of your essay, the very position youll be fashioning an entire materials worth of arguments for. Developing a strong thesis statement is the integral core of any piece of writing. If its weak to begin with, youll only end up with an impossibly difficult time building an argument to support it.

No Facts, Just Opinions

This thesis statement should be a debatable claim. If its not, then its a fact, of which there is no point in argument. It has to be an opinion, a particular position that someone who is inclined another way can theoretically oppose with counter-arguments.

Saying the economy is bad these days is barely debatable. Even the government admits it. Stating that military spending is the biggest contributor to economic problems, on the other hand, is fodder for arguments.

Keep It Tight

Most subjects usually start as overwhelmingly wide-reaching. Attempting to cover the entirety of a topic can only lead to trouble, as youll end up having to cover a multitude of subtopics that will dilute your overall message.

To ensure a successful piece, always strive to keep your thesis tight and narrow. A smaller scope lets you focus your arguments with supporting details that all work towards a single goal. The broader your claim, the more evidence youll need to persuade your readers and the more avenues for making mistakes (factual ones, instead of grammar, with which a writing software can easily help you).

Once youve got your own topic for writing, theres a great possibility that your mind will start to work deeply that reacts to your topic. Ideas will start flowing. So all you have to do is write it all down.

Following those guides will help you to write thesis statement effectively. Then go on with the flow. Start writing and act as a reader of your work at the same time. So that you can check by and by on the things that you need to change in your contents.

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A good writer does not write regurgitated content from an original article they have previously written unless they have something new to add.

What does it mean to regurgitate your own articles?
It’s an article you have previously written and then it’s rewritten with the same ideas, points and tips. Rearranging of paragraphs and changing sentences around also falls under the regurgitated category.

It’s okay to use this method if you plan to use the similar articles in two different places like on your website and to an article directory, but it’s not wise to submit both articles to the same place.

Here are two examples describing article rehashing with the third example showing how it should be done properly.

Example: Original Article
Data entry jobs are hard to find. If data entry jobs ask for registration or training material fees, they are most likely scams. Real data entry jobs ask for a cover letter and resume. You also go through an interview process. This is how you can distinguish between real data entry work and a scam.

Example: Article 2
The most sought after work at home job is data entry, but be careful of the ones who ask for money for registration or other fees as they are not legitimate. True data entry job openings go through the traditional application process of sending in a resume and getting an interview. If you don’t see or they don’t ask for these requirements, then it’s most likely a scam.

Example: Article 3
Many people prefer the non-phone jobs such as data entry, but these positions are rarely posted to the public. You can find freelance data entry work by registering on bidding sites like Elance.com. In place of data entry, general transcription is often highly recommended. If you’re accurate, have excellent typing skills and have a good ear, transcribing may be for you.

See the difference? Article 3 adds new information as opposed to article 2 where it was rewritten to create the same meaning as the original.

Here are four tips on how to avoid writing regurgitated articles.

1. Refer to your original written articles and take out the main points. These are the points you’re going to avoid or expand to bring new and different ideas.

2. It’s often said to write what you know, but what you know may be superficial so dig deeper by researching to learn more so you can add more depth to your article.

3. Choose article topics that are in your niche, but something you are quite unfamiliar with so it requires you to do research.

4. Look for thought provoking quotes to jumpstart your thinking process and to come up with new concepts. Often you can take a simple quote, translate it and tie it to a topic that can be used in your niche. I also find reading articles that are not within my niche can spark new ideas.

Just like a comedian, a writer needs to come up with new material to keep its audience coming back. You don’t want to be a one dimensional regurgitating article writer, but a writer who cares about its readers by adding quality, value and knowledge to their articles.

Find more tips on article writing on Sophia’s work at home forums. Sophia co-owns WorkAtHomeBusinessOptions.com, a comprehensive work at home business resource focusing on helping others who are looking for opportunities and ideas to work from home. You will also find tips and articles on how to balance work, family and play in your daily life.
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Adobe Photoshop CS2 is a very much popular program among photographers and other creative professionals. The unique features, easy to handle tools and the image qualities make the tool a very popular one. Some of the new features of the Photoshop CS2 make the product a loved one by amateur and professionals alike. The top features explained in this Photoshop CS2 tutorial are as follows:

Lens correction: The optical lens correction feature helps you to correct the lens distortions problems like the pincushion and barrel. Using this feature you can also fix the vignette problems and chromatic aberrations in your picture easily.

Healing Brush: The healing brush can be used to your images to retouch the photos with a single click. You can even correct your 16-bit images using this feature.

Adobe Bridge: File handling in CS2 has become very easy with the Adobe Bridge feature. It works like a file browser and lets you to process the raw images, label the pictures, and quickly review the images in a slideshow mode. You can edit the metadata of the files easily to arrange and organize them.

Vanishing Point: Using this feature you can clone your pictures, paste desired elements into it so that it merges with the rest of the picture, and paint it accordingly. These can be done in very less time and does not require any complex tools, just a few seconds.

Photomerge: The Photomerge feature lets you to arrange and combine multiple images seamlessly to create a visual panorama using the CS2. Using this feature is very easy and you can see the guided tutorials for any help.

Customizing menu and workspaces: In CS2 it is very easy to customize your working menus and workspaces. You can arrange the tools you need often and set up the workspaces.

Fine Correction: It is now very easy to get sharpened images without any blurred effects. This tool can be used for images taken with any motion lenses.

Workflow features: You can automatically adjust the settings of the cameras, convert the pictures into different formats, apply details to the images easily either individually or in batches.

Red eye removal: The Red eye removal is a very essential feature in any photo correction program and in CS2, using it is very easy; just one click. This is supported on 16-bit images and your normal images. You can set the darkening level and the size of the pupil.

HDR support: You can create 32-bit pictures and edit them also.

Photo sharing options: You can share the pictures you take by creating web albums, or send them out directly to your friends and family. Creating the web albums and organizing them are very easy. You can also use the PDF presentation features and online services features for the purpose.

Apart from the mentioned features in this Adobe Photoshop CS2 tutorial, some of the other popular features are the keyboard shortcuts to access the tools, history tracking option, and image filtering option. So now you can also use CS2 to bring life to your images.

Did you enjoy this article? Interested in finding professionally made Photoshop CS2 Tutorials? Well now you can. Discover David Peters Photoshop Video Tutorials For Photoshop CS2 Today!
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It is easier than ever to create incredible digital scrapbooks that you can share with your family and friends. Due to the power of digital technology and computers as well as software editing programs you can easily turn your ordinary photos into extraordinary masterpieces that you can share with your loved ones. When looking for a software editing program to create your digital scrapbooks you can’t go wrong with Adobe Photoshop CS2; it is undoubtedly the most popular photo editing software program on the market today and is used by amateurs and professionals alike.

You might wonder why professional photographers need a photo editing software program. You can look at Photoshop CS2 as a photo processing lab, included in Photoshop CS2 is everything that a photographer would need to make sure every photo that was taken is incredible. Here you can edit and manipulate your photos to make them look their best.

Admittedly there is a learning curve when it comes to this program. Yet even first time will be able to open up the program and play around with the tools and pallets available without messing anything up too badly. There are a variety of tutorials available over the Internet that can get you started on the basics if you feel uncomfortable with what you are seeing on your screen but I will attempt to make it easy for you.

When you open up the program you will be looking at the four basic areas in Adobe Photoshop CS2. At the top you have your menu bar and below that is your toolbar; the toolbox containing all the tools that you will use to edit your image is located on the left side of your screen and the palettes which have the variety of options for layers, text editing, colors, etc. are located on the right. To see what each item does in your tool box I recommend you hold your mouse over item and you should see a screen tip appear telling you the name of that tool.

What is the most amazing thing is that you can take photos using an average camera and then use the Photoshop CS2 tools to make them look like they were taken with the most expensive camera on the market. You can basically use your ordinary 3 megapixel point and shoot camera and take average pictures then use Photoshop CS2 to create a masterpiece. Such is the power of this program.

Most people are unaware of the fact that Photoshop CS2 is the hidden tool of professional photographers because even professional photographers encounter problems with their photos. One of the most common problems is red eye and is nearly impossible to prevent regardless of how good a photographer you are or what type of camera you have. In the past your photo would be ruined if it had red eye on it. Thankfully Photoshop CS2 has the tools we need to remove red eye without anyone ever knowing the problem existed in the first place.

Another common problem when taking photos is shaky hands which create blurry photos. Again, Photoshop CS2 comes with sharpening tools that are able to remove these errors. On the other hand, if you like the blurry effect there are tools included for that as well.

Another thing that is hard to predict are lighting problems however I am sure you are already aware that Photoshop CS2 can take nearly any problem that seemed insurmountable and fix it with a few clicks of the mouse. Is your photo missing someone? Simply remove that person from a different photo and paste them where you want them to go. Now, this is a bit more tricky and requires a bit more experimentation, however it can be accomplished with Photoshop CS2. Using Adobe Photoshop CS2, you can be sure that you will be able to turn those ordinary looking photos in to something magical.

Dull colors and lighting problems are no longer a problem as Photoshop CS2 can take nearly any problem that seemed insurmountable and fix it with a few clicks of the mouse. Is your photo missing someone? Simply remove that person from a different photo and paste them where you want them to go. Now, this is a bit more tricky and requires a bit more experimentation, however it can be accomplished with Photoshop CS2. Using Adobe Photoshop CS2, you can be sure that you will be able to turn those ordinary looking photos in to something magical.

Did you enjoy this article? Interested in finding professionally made Photoshop CS2 Tutorials? Well now you can. Discover David Peters Photoshop Video Tutorials For Photoshop CS2 Today!
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There are so many things that you need to keep in mind when writing articles especially if you want them to become reader-magnet. Some of them are the following:

1. Before you start writing, you will need to do some preparations first to make sure that you’ll be able to create the exact articles that you need. Decide on how much of your chosen subject that you would like to cover. Choose the writing format and style that you’re going to use and develop an outline.

2. Write with confidence. As a writer, you cannot afford to sound like you’re nervous or unsure about the things that you’re discussing. If you want your readers to listen to everything that you have to say, you need to know how to project confidence on your content. Communicate your ideas with strong conviction and avoid using those words that will make you sound uncertain.

3. Write for your readers. Make the whole thing all about these people — it’s the key to succeed in this field. Talk about those things that interest them. Offer them the information they need. See things from their perspective and write your articles based on their preferences. If you do all of these, there is no doubt that you’ll be able to get the exact response that you’re looking for from these people.

4. Write with warmth. Convince your readers that there is a real human being behind your articles. This will happen if you write with warmth. Always be yourself when tapping on your keyboard. Use your own voice and let your personality shine through. Empathize when needed, engage your readers on your content, and make them feel that they are just having great conversation with you.

5. Omit unnecessary words. Avoid using fillers on your content so you can make your articles relatively short and concise. Read each of your sentences over and over again and make sure that each word that you use serves a specific function. They must help you get your message across in the simplest and easiest manner possible.

6. Write with clarity in mind. Clear writing can only come with clear thinking. Know your subject, logic, and rhetoric before you start tapping on your keyboard. You would want to be able to write articles that your audience can understand easily. Make it a habit to use lay man’s terms. Keep your sentences short and communicate your ideas as if you’re talking to a 10-year old kid to avoid causing unnecessary confusion.

7. Don’t save the most important information for later. If you think that online users will have the patience to read your articles until the end just to get the exact information they need, you are wrong. These people will surely close your articles in a heartbeat if they don’t see anything worthwhile on your first 100 words. So, talk about your great ideas on your first paragraph as much as possible. This is to make sure that your readers will be easily hooked on your content.

8. Don’t over explain. Yes, I know that I told you that you should write as if you’re explaining things to a 10-year old kid but make sure that you do not overdo it. Your readers will surely be annoyed if you keep explaining things that they can surmise or those that they already know.

Sean Mize teaches coaches, consultants, and small business owners how to package their knowledge and sell it at a high price. Internet Marketing Sean Mize
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Introduction

Taking away guns from citizens may be well intentioned but it could rob away people’s rights to defend themselves. There are rising concerns from various stakeholders that guns should not just be the reserve for law enforcers and criminals. (Goodman, 2004)Ordinary citizens need to have the ability to protect themselves too. The essay shall examine both sides of the coin and recommendations given on the matter.

Arguments for allowing all citizens to own guns

The United States is one of the countries with the highest crime rates in the world. In response to this crisis, legislators have instituted laws that attempt to restrict gun ownership. Additionally, many politicians will be heard rallying against mass ownership of guns within the country. The latter group may seem as though they are committing just acts through their avocations. However, their intentions are quite misplaced; most of them simply want to impress the public by appearing to be tackling the problem. If the United States was to restrict gun ownership among citizens, then the latter will look for another method of killing. These legislators ought to realize that it is the human being behind that trigger that causes death. Consequently, if guns were outlawed or severely restricted, then criminals would just look for another method of killing. For instance, they could use fire, bombs, knifes among other items. It is therefore illogical to limit gun use yet guns are simply tools used to commit killings. It is the person using the gun who must be stopped. (Murray, 2000)

Citizens should have the right to own guns because if owning a gun was made illegal, then criminals or persons will ill intentions would look for more destructive methods of killing. For instance, bombs would be on the rise and would therefore cause intense harm to vast surroundings or persons who had not done anything wrong. Besides this, guns usually target specific individuals and may not cause as much disarray as other weapons do. The fact of the matter is that murder will not come to a halt because guns have been eliminated. (Goodman, 2004)

There is a basic assumption that most of the people who own guns, plan on committing evil with it. However, guns are sources of recreation in many parts of the country. Usually, rifles are utilized to shoot down ducks and other related animals. In other instances, guns are used to hunt for game meat and they contribute to family sustenance because individuals can access meat rather than purchase it. This is an important way of cutting down food costs. (Murray, 2000)

If law enforcers were the only ones allowed to own guns and the rest of the population was left unarmed, then chances are that criminals would have an easier time invading homes. They would access guns illegally and the rest of the law abiding citizens would have to contend with higher crime rates, greater loss of lives and more loss of property. The truth of the matter is that everything in nature always looks for the path with the least resistance. Potential criminals would be more attracted to crime if they knew that their potential victims have no mechanisms for defending themselves. The overall result would be greater crime rates. In fact, research has indicated that the presence of guns among the populace creates fear in some criminals and prevents them from committing crime. In the year 1997, the Washington Times reported the case of a store owner known as Mr. Choi at Minnesota Avenue. This man was courageous enough to shoot the assailant and he thus saved his family. Although the store owner under consideration had illegally acquired the gun, he was not prosecuted for this. The officer in charge testified for Choi claiming that criminals would definitely be deterred from that convenience store because they would know that there was the danger of being shot by its owner. The media also has numerous stories about persons who protected themselves and their families through guns. For example, there is the case of a grandmother who protected herself against four men in Moses Lake, Orlando. There was the case of a church leader in Arizona who shot a robber and many other scenarios of honest people who protected their right to life and property through guns.

In lien with the latter, argument, numerous records by the National Rifle Association, the US state Department of Justice and the media have depicted statistics of cases in which hardworking and honest people have protected themselves from guns. Here is a summary of the figures

Cases of rape or robbery that have been halted through guns-65%
Cases where guns have worsened the situation-9%
Cases of people who have caused injuries to themselves using knives instead of guns-34%
Number of crimes that require self defense annually-200, 000 cases annually

These numbers indicate the fact that guns are a crucial part of the country’s self defense system. The fact that close to sixty five percent success rates have been recorded in robberies or rape cases where victims used guns indicate that guns are actually quite useful in protecting lives and property. Even those who claim that guns actually worsen the situation by actually hurting the victim or killing a wrong person have little evidence to support them because only nine percent of all the self defense cases have been categorized as such. Even those who opt to use knives to protect themselves would have a more difficult time because thirty four percent of such cases report self injury on the part of the victim. The percentage of victims who hurt themselves while using guns is less than half of this amount. Consequently, one can assert that guns are actually more useful than those respective proponents may imagine. (Murray, 2000)

Arguments against possession of guns by the populace

If everyone was allowed to own guns, then cases of mistaken identity or trigger happy citizens would be on the rise. In the year 1988, US media was splashed with the astounding case of a Mr. Carl Rowan. The latter had been accused of first degree murder after killing a teenage boy with a pistol in the middle of the night. What had happened was that Mr. Rowan thought that the intruder was a dangerous criminal as he was at his backyard. However, it turned out that the supposed intruder was a young boy who just wanted to take a swim at the accused’ swimming pool. The court found the defendant guilty and sentenced him to death. Such an incident goes to show that not everyone has the responsibility and discipline necessary to own and use a gun. It would therefore be dangerous to place so much power in the hands of reckless individuals such as Mr. Rowan. (Mashek, 2008)

Although certain people may argue that it is people who commit the murderous acts and not guns, it becomes unreasonable to ignore the fact that greater crime rates are recorded in areas with high access to guns. When people have greater access to guns, then they are more likely to use them and this would cause greater loss of lives. It should be noted that society’s moral standards have deteriorated, things are not the way they used be some fifty years ago. Many teenagers come from broken homes, abuse drugs and nurse a lot of anger within. Consequently, if such persons access a tool that they can use to vent out their frustrations on, than chances are that those teenagers would continue to misuse guns and other such tools. For example, a student at Virginia Tech used a gun to make statements against his peers in his school and ended up killing a number of his colleagues. Such a tragedy would not have occurred if this teenager had not accessed a gun. Statistics show that a substantial number of killings occur in areas with high gun availability. Since there is a relationship between these two aspects, then it would be wise to eliminate this tool. (Mashek, 2008)

Many people believe that US citizens have a ‘siege’ mentality and this is actually true. For instance, it is quite easy to purchase a gun in the United States than if one was in another country such as Ireland. Most of the problems that emanate from the need to defend oneself in the US are actually caused by the tools used in self defense; guns. If the country was very strict with the level of availability of guns, if they restricted purchasing mechanisms and also if they instituted heavy penalties for those persons with guns, then it would be more difficult for potential criminals to commit crimes because they would have to resort to difficult methods of killing such as knives. Things such as knives would make crimes fewer because they give the victim leverage to fight off the attacker. Additionally, the criminal would have to be very hardened to kill someone who they can see up close. This would not eliminate all crimes but it would make it difficult to commit them hence minimizing them in the end. (Mashek, 2008)

Guns should be restricted because the very nature of guns makes committing crimes a very easy thing to do even for the relatively inexperienced. The United States has recorded numerous cases of teenage suicides most of which have been committed using guns. The reason behind this is that suing a gun is quite easy. It does not need a lot of skill or expertise in crime as do other weapons such as bombs or knives. Also, guns are very convenient to use, they only require the push of a trigger and just like a jock, the crime has occurred. This means that people using them may not take the time to think about what there are doing. Those who may be overtaken by emotion may rush to the gun instead of confronting their problems head on. For instance, if two people get into a heated argument and it happens that each of them have guns, then there is always the imminent danger that they might use them. (Mashek, 2008)

Conclusion

Considerable evidence has indicated that guns have protected people from assailants. Consequently, they cannot be ignored as important self defense weapons. Additionally, guns are mere tools of destruction; the real problem is with society. Bunning guns or prohibiting guns to the military and the police force would only cause criminals to look for other means of committing crimes. This is why crime rates are much higher in the US than in Canada yet both have similar laws on possession of guns. The problem is that morality in society has deteriorated to such an extent that individuals can use any methodologies to commit crime. It is therefore necessary to allow the populace access to guns since the serve a useful purpose and would only be replaced by something else if prohibited.

Reference

Mashek, J. (2008): Guns Kill People. Period. , retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/ accessed on 23rd September 2008

Murray, J. (2000): Despite Risks, More Use Guns In Self Defense, The Washington Times, 12th May

Goodman, C. (2004): Some thoughts on guns, Associate Press

Author is associated with SuperiorPapers.Us which is a global Research Papers and Term Papers Writing Company. If you would like help in Research Papers and Term Paper Help you can visit www.SuperiorPapers.Us
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Introduction

The world’s energy needs have become a topic of interest for oceanic and marine experts as the concern for energy renewability is slowly turning attention away from fossil fuels to marine life. It is likely that this issue will take centre stage among marine stakeholders twenty years from now. (Thomas, 2008)

Part A-Annotated review of article

Thomas, M. (2008): Lord Brown Speech – Oceans and energy sustainability; Oceanology International, 12th March 2008

The article is a review of what the chief executive officer of the royal Academy of Engineering said at the largest marine technology event in the world. He first began by talking about the problems of the modern world. He cited the issue of high population growth in the future and the increasing cost of living as examples. In this regard, the speaker felt that there ought to be some levels of sustainability incorporated in service provision. According to him, these latter issues are directly related to energy use because new methods need to be examined to provide this rising population with cheap energy. Also, that energy must be such that it will not infringe on future sustainability. The speaker further asserted that the use of fossil fuels will have a huge impact on the world’s marine environment because fossil fuels emit greenhouse gases which propagate global warming. In line with this argument, Lord Brown claimed that in order to enhance energy sustainability, it was necessary to harness marine energy. He gave an example of how ocean currents have ten times as much usefulness and force as wind energy. Since a substantial portion of the world’s environment lives near oceans, then there is need to look into ways of enhancing these marine technologies. He argued that there were eighty groups already looking at the feasibility of marine energy at large scale. He however, gave a word of caution that for realization of the full potential of marine technology, it was necessary for marine scientists to collaborate with governments, businesses and other stakeholders

Part B-Analysis of the issue

The issue under analysis is the role of the marine environment in energy sustainability. Oceans can play a very positive role in changing the energy landscape. Because of the potential that ocean waves, gas hydrates and other sources present to the world energy consumer. However, there will also be some negative impacts in that using such an energy source could interfere with marine life especially with regard to marine mammals. (Thomas, 2008)

The issue of harnessing oceanic technologies for energy in the future could affect numerous professionals. For instance, there will be a need for collaboration with government decision makers. Additionally, there will also be need to work closely with the marine researcher. The latter groups will be largely responsible for examining the suitability and applicability of this mode of energy. Industrialists and manufacturers will also have to participate because they will be responsible for distribution and large scale generation. The issue will also affect directors, managers and entrepreneurs since they will coordinate activities involved.

Part C: Projection of year 2028

Twenty years from toady, it is likely that the world will have heightened environmental concerns bout aquatic life. By harnessing ocean technologies for energy, there will be considerable strain on marine animals as most of them may have to migrate to areas with minimal interference from man. Additionally, marine life will be under great danger owing to the fact that some people still have to deal with other explorers who continuously use marine resources. (Thomas, 2008)

Twenty years from now, the world is likely to witness greater levels of interdependency among major actors in the world. This means that it is likely that more stakeholders will be working hand in hand to tackle marine issues. For instance, investors will be giving scientists capital necessary to implement their energy harnessing technologies. Besides this, policy makers will be establishing the rules that will govern those respective groups. Also, marine engineers and scientists will be looking fro the most appropriate practical solutions. All in all, the world is likely to witness both positive and negative aspects.

Reference

Thomas, M. (2008): Lord Brown Speech – Oceans and energy sustainability; Oceanology International, 12th March 2008

Author is associated with SuperiorPapers.Us which is a global Research Papers and Term Papers Writing Company. If you would like help in Research Papers and Term Paper Help you can visit www.SuperiorPapers.Us
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Introduction

A lot of studies have been done on the effects of the Iraq war in the US. Much emphasis has been placed  on the economic downturns that the country has been subjected to. However, there is an even more intense repercussion of the war; its health effects. Considerable evidence points to the fact that American soldiers from Iraq report high cases of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is therefore imperative to analyze the severity of this problem and to look for ways in which the problem can be solved.

Evidence on PTSD among US soldiers

The essay shall focus on a study conducted by Hoge et al (2004). The latter authors found it necessary to asses the mental health conditions of US soldiers after the Iraq war owing to the fact that most mental health studies conducted amongst soldiers were usually done years after the war had taken place. Consequently, participants had minimal recollection of the events and it therefore became difficult to get to the root of the problem. Furthermore, studies conducted years after wars have occurred also impede the necessary changes required to reduce these mental health problems. Through their studies, the latter authors were able to nip the problem in the bud. They did this by examining soldiers straight from deployment.

Hoge et al (2004) first started with a survey of soldiers who has just been assigned to Iraq before commencing duty. They did the same with soldiers who had just been deployed to Afghanistan. Their aim was to compare the mental health status of these two categories of soldiers. It was also necessary to use a control and this was done by obtaining data from the Marine Corps.

The survey involved a total of two thousand, five hundred and thirty soldiers. Almost half of them -1962- represented soldiers before deployment while the remaining number represented soldiers after the war. The researchers were careful to survey the soldiers one week before their deployment. Those who were asked questions after their service were given time to settle in and seek medical help. They interviewed them four months after returning.

Before conducting the survey, the researchers were quick to explain to the respective soldiers about the purpose of the survey. They were also clear about the survey’s voluntary nature and how it was to be conducted. The research managed to obtained a very high response rate i.e. ninety eight percent. Additionally, the survey also adhered to sampling principles by ensuring that participants represented the over all population. This was done by comparing demographic characteristics of participants with the existing cases. (Hoge et al, 2004)

The survey checked for numbers of mental disorders. However, PSTD was analyzed against the backdrop of the indicators set up by the country’s authority on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.  Care was taken to ensure that only the symptoms brought on by the Iraq war were recorded and little attention was given to any other scenario. Participants’ Post Traumatic Stress level disorder was aggregated and compared against a total of eight five. Those candidates who recorded a performance of greater than fifty were considered as serious cases of PSTD while those who had fewer score were considered as normal. Since the symptoms were seventeen, it may not be plausible to note all of them down in this paper. However, the symptoms can be categorized under three groups i.e. :

Hyper-arousal
Avoidance symptoms
Intrusion symptom
Also, alcohol abuse was an indicator

Results of the study

It was found that a substantial portion of the participants from Iraq recorded higher Post traumatic Stress Disorder than those ones from Afghanistan. It was also found that American soldiers recorded significantly higher levels of post Traumatic stress disorder after their service at war than before the war. Additionally, a large number of them recorded increased alcohol abuse in the process. Consequently, most of them spiraled into a depressive state. (Hoge et al, 2004)

The research also found that the number of participants who took part in the survey reported a strong correlation between their Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and the experiences they had to go through. The following were cited as some of the possible causes of the PTSD by the participants

Killing people
Handling dead persons
Having the knowledge that a colleague had been killed
Being shot

Hoge et al (2004) also established a pattern that linked exposure to fire fights with prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The latter plotted the number of firefighters that soldiers had been subjected to against the prevalence of post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It was found that the relationship was linear. Consequently, the two factors are strongly related. The researchers also plotted a graph of rate of PTSD against claims of injuries or being wounded. It was also found that there was a relationship. The amount of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder increased with a state of being wounded or injuries. (Hoge et al, 2004)

The research also gave in-depth insight into the nature of soldier’s perceptions about Post Traumatic Disorder. It was found that a substantial number of them were not interested in receiving help for their problem. Only thirty eight percent of them asserted that they would seek psychiatric help. Additionally, only twenty eight percent of the respondents asserted that they had sought help. When asked why they behaved in that manner, they cited stigmatization and lack of access to mental health care.

Implications of the research

The research found that soldiers from Iraq reported higher cases of post Traumatic Disorder than those ones from Afghanistan. One possible explanation of this is that the intensity of violence or traumatizing activities was much higher in Iraq than it was in Afghanistan.

It was also found that there was a relationship between the existence of injury and prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. This finding affirms what has been found in other studies concerning wars; that soldiers who have received physical injuries are more likely than those who left unharmed to exhibit PTSD.

Since the research encompassed participants who represented similar demographic traits as the overall population, then it is safe to transfer these findings to the entire population of US soldiers in Iraq. However, the findings in this report are not without fault. They were obtained from soldiers who were not severely deformed as the latter category had been prohibited from taking part in the survey. Additionally, the research was also limited by the fact that soldiers who had been sent away by the government could not take part in the process. Consequently, the research could not incorporate the opinions of the latter groups. (Hoge et al, 2004)

Nonetheless, this does not undermine the overall usefulness of this survey. Findings from this research can be considered fairly accurate owing to the fact their measurements were well placed. For instance, the authors chose an ample time to survey the soldiers. This was four months after their experience in Iraq. Statistics show that most people depict Post Traumatic Stress disorder around three months after the traumatic event has occurred. Consequently, by choosing to interview them, four months after the war, then the researchers’ findings can be deemed as fairly accurate. Also their findings are reliable because their PSTD measurements before the war concurred with usual occurrences in other populations. They found that only five percent of the soldiers had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder before the war. This was in line with prevailing rates in the American population. This was a green light that further measurements were being done accurately.

The research also found that those soldiers with Post Traumatic Stress disorder refrained from seeking medical assistance due to the fact that they feared stigmatization from other soldiers. This was even worse for those soldiers who really needed the assistance. This reason was the major force behind low psychiatric assistance for this problem. This implies that certain interventions need to be put in place to curb such fears . There are a number of ways in which stakeholders can tackle this problem of stigmatization. (Hoge et al, 2004)

First of all, they could choose to educate members of the military about the issue of stigmatization. They should also change their health models so as to allow greater anonymity in mental health issues. They could ensure that counseling is done confidentially so as to prevent these cases of low treatment fro Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Besides the latter, health services within the military ought to look for a way of addressing the issue of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Screening. As it is currently, most soldiers are only subjected to checks for depression but no PSTD checks are in place. Since this is such a severe problem, then it should be given precedence. (Hoge et al, 2004)

Conclusion

The paper was examining the prevalence of Post traumatic stress Disorder among soldiers from Iraq. It was found that there was a considerably high prevalence rate among these soldiers. PSTD was closely linked to the nature of a soldiers’ experience; i.e. those who had engaged in numerous firefights and also those who had been exposed to greater military activity.

It was also found that most of the soldiers who needed help the most did not seek it because they feared stigmatization from their colleagues. Possible solutions to these include; sensitization, anonymous counseling and rigorous testing for Post Traumatic Disorder. By instituting these changes then future military personnel will be greatly assisted.

Reference

Hoge, C., Castro, C., Messer, S., Mc Gurk, D., Cotting, D. & Koffman R. (2004): Combat Duty in Iraq and                       Afghanistan, Vol. 351, No. 13, p 13-28

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